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A bank is assessing the impact of a new transaction on CVA and DVA. If the new transaction is negatively correlated to existing transactions, the impact will likely be a(n):

A pension fund has $100,000 in assets and $90,000 in liabilities. Assume that theexpected return on the surplus is 5%, and the annual VaR of the surplus is 22% at the 99%confidence level.The initial surplus of the fund is equal to:

A portfolio manager is revising an equity portfolio with the goal of attaining theoptimal portfolio on the portfolio’s efficient frontier. The manager believes this goalcan be achieved by replacing a stock in the portfolio with a new stock that is not partof the existing portfolio and keeping the portfolio value constant. The managerconsiders the following alternative actions:• Action 1: Sell the stock with the highest marginal VaR and purchase anequivalent value of a new stock that would have the lowest marginal VaR in the portfolio.• Action 2: Sell a particular stock and purchase an equivalent value of a newstock, which would cause the ratio of expected excess returns to portfoliobeta for all stocks in the portfolio to be equal.• Action 3: Sell a particular stock and purchase an equivalent value of a newstock, which would cause the portfolio betas of all stocks in the portfolio to be equal.• Action 4: Sell a particular stock and purchase an equivalent value of a newstock, which would significantly decrease the portfolio standard deviationwithout changing the average excess portfolio return.Which of the actions above would create an optimal portfolio?

Bank Macatawa has a $150 million exposure to Holland Metals Co. The exposure is secured by $125 million of collateral consisting of AA+-rated bonds. Holland Metals Co. is unrated. The collateral risk weight is 20%. Bank Macatawa assumes an adjustment to the exposure of +15% to allow for possible increases in the exposure and allows for a −25% change in the value of the collateral. Risk-weighted assets for the exposure are closest to:

A fund manager owns a portfolio of options on TUV, a non-dividend paying stock. The portfolio is made up of 5,000 deep in-the-money call options on TUV and 20,000 deep out-of-the-money call options on TUV. The portfolio also contains 10,000 forward contracts on TUV. Currently, TUV is trading at USD 52. Assuming 252 trading days in a year, the volatility of TUV is 12% per year, and that each of the option and forward contracts is on one share of TUV, which of the following amounts would be closest to the 1-day 99% VaR of the portfolio?